practicals – Page 4 – Notes For Free

September 13, 2017

Silver (Ag+)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Smelled the salt.	No Ammonical smell.	Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric acid to the original solution.	White coloured precipitate is formed.	Lead(II), Ag(I) may be present.
Added precipitate in hot water.	No effect.	Ag(I) may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added potassium chromate to the original solution.	Brick red coloured precipitate formed.	Ag(I) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ag⁺ + HCl_(aq) –> AgCl_(s)(white)+ H⁺

2AgCl_(s)(white)+ K₂CrO₄–> Ag₂CrO_4(s)(yellow) + 2KCl_(aq)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 13, 2017September 14, 2017

Lead (Pb2+)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Smelled the salt.	No Ammonical smell.	Ammonium absent.
Added dilute hydrochloric acid to the original solution.	White coloured precipitate is formed.	Lead(II) may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added potassium iodide.	Yellow coloured precipitate formed.	Lead(II) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Pb²⁺_(aq)+ HCl_(aq) –> PbCl_2(White)

Pb²⁺_(aq) +2I^–_(aq) –> PbI₂_(s)(Yellow)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 13, 2017

Ammonium (NH4+)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Smelled the salt.	Ammonical smell.	Ammonium may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added sodium hydroxide solution to the salt.	Ammonical smelling gas evolved.	Ammonium confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

NH₄⁺_(aq) + OH^–_(aq) –> NH_3(g) + H₂O_(l)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 13, 2017

Phosphate (PO4)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Obervation	Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.	No effect.	Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt.	No effect.	Nitrate, Bromide, Chloride, Acetate, absent. Sulphate or phosphate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added soda extract and diluted nitric acid and then added Ammonium Molybdate solution.	A canary yellow precipitate formed.	Phosphate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

(NH₄)₂(NO₃)+2Na₂(PO₄) –> 2(NH₄)(PO₄)+2Na₂(NO₃)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 13, 2017September 13, 2017

Sulphate (SO4)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.	No effect.	Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt.	No effect.	Nitrate, Bromide, Chloride, Acetate, absent. Sulphate or phosphate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added barium chloride solution.	White coloured precipitate is formed.	Sulphate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ba²⁺_(aq) + SO₄^2-_(aq)==> BaSO_4(s)(white)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 11, 2017September 11, 2017

Acetate (CH3COO-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.	No effect.	Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt.	Vinegar like smell.	Acetate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added ethanol to the salt, then added drops of concentrated sulphuric acid.	Evolution of fruity smell.	Acetate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

CH₃COOH- + H₂SO₄–> HSO₄– + CH₃COOH

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 11, 2017September 11, 2017

Bromide (Br-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.	No effect.	Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt.	Brown colour gas evolved.	Nitrate or Bromide may be present.
Added copper turnings.	No effect.	Bromide may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution.	A pale yellow precipitate formed.	Bromide confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ag⁺_(aq) + Br^–_(aq)–> AgBr_(s)(yellow)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 11, 2017September 11, 2017

Chloride (Cl-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Obervation	Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.	No effect.	Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt.	Colourless gas with pungent smell evolved.	Chloride may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added few potassium dichromate crystals and concentrated sulphuric acid and heated. Passed the vapors through the test tube which contains sodium hydroxide solution. To this yellow solution, added dilute CH₃COOH and lead acetate solution.	Yellow coloured precipitate is formed.	Chloride confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

K₂Cr₂O₇ + 4NaCl + 6H₂SO₄ ————→ 2KHSO₄ + 4NaHSO₃ + 2CrO₂Cl₂

^{chromyl chloride}

^{(orange-red vapours)}

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 11, 2017September 11, 2017

Chromate (CrO4)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.	Solution turned yellow.	Chromate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added barium chloride solution.	Yellow precipitate formed.	Chromate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

CrO₄^2-_(aq) + 2H⁺_(aq) –> Cr₂O₇^2-_(aq)(yellow)

Ba²⁺_(aq) + CrO₄^2-_(aq) –> BaCrO_4(s)(yellow)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

September 11, 2017September 11, 2017

Nitrite (NO2-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.	Reddish brown gas with pungent smell evolved.	Nitrite may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment	Observation	Inference
Added potassium permanganate solution.	Pink colour of potassium permanganate discharged.	Nitrite confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

NO₂^– + H₂SO_4(aq)_–> NO_(g) + SO₄^2- + H₂O_(l)

2KMnO_4(Pink) + 3H₂SO₄ + 5KNO₂ –> K₂SO_{4(Colourless)}+ 2MnSO₄ +5KNO₃ + 3H₂O

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.