Posted on

Bromide (Br-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. No effect. Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Brown colour gas evolved. Nitrate or Bromide may be present.
Added copper turnings. No effect. Bromide may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. A pale yellow precipitate formed. Bromide confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ag+(aq) + Br–(aq)–> AgBr(s)(yellow)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Chloride (Cl-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Obervation Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. No effect. Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Colourless gas with pungent smell evolved. Chloride may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added few potassium dichromate crystals and concentrated sulphuric acid and heated. Passed the vapors through the test tube which contains sodium hydroxide solution. To this yellow solution, added dilute CH3COOH and lead acetate solution. Yellow coloured precipitate is formed. Chloride confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

             K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2SO4 ————→ 2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO3 + 2CrO2Cl2

                                                                                                                                                                   chromyl chloride

                                                                                                                                                            (orange-red vapours)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Chromate (CrO4)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Solution turned yellow. Chromate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added barium chloride solution. Yellow precipitate formed. Chromate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) –> Cr2O72-(aq)(yellow)

Ba2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) –> BaCrO4(s)(yellow)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Nitrite (NO2-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Reddish brown gas with pungent smell evolved. Nitrite may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added potassium permanganate solution. Pink colour of potassium permanganate discharged. Nitrite confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

NO2– + H2SO4(aq)  –>  NO(g) + SO42- + H2O(l)

2KMnO4(Pink) + 3H2SO4  + 5KNO2 –> K2SO4(Colourless) +  2MnSO4 +5KNO3 + 3H2O 

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Sulphite (SO3)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Gas with smell of burning sulphur evolved. Sulphite may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Add barium chloride to the salt. A white precipitate of barium sulphite formed which dissolved in excess hydrochloric acid to give a clear colourless solution. Sulphite confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

Ba2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) –>  BaSO3(s)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Sulfide (S2-)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Gas with smell of rotten eggs evolved. Sulphide may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added a few drops lead(II) of ethanoate solution. Black precipitate of lead sulphide formed. Sulphide confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

MS(s) + 2H+(aq) –> M2+(aq) + H2S(g)

Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq)–> PbS(s) 

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Carbonate (CO3)

AIM: – To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

APPARATUS:- Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula

PROCEDURE:-

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Gas with brisk effervescence evolved. Carbonate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Pass the above-evolved gas through lime water. Lime water turns milky. Carbonate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:-

CO32-(s) + 2H+(aq) –>H2O(l) + CO2(g)

CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) –> CaCO3(s)(milky) + H2O(l)

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

 

Posted on

Carboxylic Acid (–COOH)

AIM – To test the presence of carboxylic acid in the given organic compound.

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added bromine water to solution No Effect Compound is saturated
Or Or
Pink colour of Bromine water changed to colourless. Compound is unsaturated.
Added drop of blue Litmus to solution. Solution turned Red. Carboxylic Acid may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added sodium bicarbonate to solution. Gas with brisk effervescence evolved. Carboxylic acid confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

R3C-CR3 + Br2 –> No Effect

         OR

R2C=CR2 + Br2 –> BrR2C-CR2Br

 RCOOH + NaHCO3 –> RCOONa + H2O + CO2

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Amine (−NH2 )

AIM – To test the presence of amine in the given organic compound.

Procedure:-

Experiment Observation Inference
LITMUS TEST

Organic compound + few drops of red litmus solution.

 Red litmus turns blue Amino group present.
 SOLUBILITY TEST

Organic compound + 1-2 ml of diluted HCl. Shake well.

 Organic compound dissolves. Amino group present
 CARBYLAMINE TEST

Organic compound + CHCl3 + Alc.KOH. Heat

 An obnoxious smell is obtained. Primary amine present.
AZO DYE TEST

Dissolve organic compound in diluted HCl and cool in ice. Add ice cold NaNO2 solution to it. Mix well. Add ice cold solution of β- naphthol + NaOH.

 A red or orange dye is obtained. Primary aromatic amino group present.


Chemical Equations:-

1. R-NH2 + HCl → R- NH3+Cl–
    amine                    amine salt     

2. R-NH2 +  CHCl3 + 3KOH → R- N≡ C + 3KCl + 3H2O
                                                             Isocyanide or Carbylamine
                                                                    
3. NaNO2 + HCl → HNO2 + NaCl     

4. ArNH2 + HNO2 + HCl  → Ar- N+≡ N–Cl + 2H2O
    Aromatic                                      Aryldiazonium chloride
10 amine                                       (stable between 0- 50C)

 β- naphthol (draw structure)  + Ar- N+≡ N–Cl → (draw structure of the azo dye obtained) + NaCl + H2O

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE )  Amino present in the given organic compound.

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.

Posted on

Aldehyde (Organic Salt Analysis)

AIM – To test the presence of aldehyde in the given organic compound.

Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added bromine water to solution No Effect Compound is saturated.
Or Or
Pink colour of Bromine water changed to colourless. Compound is unsaturated.
Added drop of blue Litmus to solution. No Effect. Carboxylic Acid and Phenol absent.
Added a few drops 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to the solution. Yellowish -orange precipitate formed. Aldehyde or ketone may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Observation Inference
Added a few drops of Fehling’s solution A & B. Formation Of red colour. Aldehyde confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

R3C-CR3 + Br2 –> No Effect

OR

R2C=CR2 + Br2  –>  BrR2C-CR2Br

R-CHO + (NO2)2C6H3NHNH2 –>  (NO2)2C6H3NHN=CRH (Yellowish Orange) + H2O

RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 2H2O –> RCOOH + Cu2O(Red) + 4H+

You can also get Class XII Practicals on Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Physical Education.