AIEEE 2008 with Solutions

AIEEE 2008

Sample Questions

A focus of an ellipse is at the origin. The directrix is the line x = 4 and the eccentricity is 1/2. Then the length of the semi−major axis is
(1) 8/3
(2) 2/3
(3) 4/3
(4) 5/3

A parabola has the origin as its focus and the line x = 2 as the directrix. Then the vertex of the
parabola is at
(1) (0, 2)
(2) (1, 0)
(3) (0, 1)
(4) (2, 0)

The mean of the numbers a, b, 8, 5, 10 is 6 and the variance is 6.80. Then which one of the following gives possible values of a and b?
(1) a = 0, b = 7 (2) a = 5, b = 2
(3) a = 1, b = 6 (4) a = 3, b = 4

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AIEEE 2007 with Solutions

AIEEE 2007

Sample Questions

A battery is used to charge a parallel plate capacitor till the potential difference between the  plates becomes equal to the electromotive force of the battery. The ratio of the energy stored in the capacitor and the work done by the battery will be
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 1/4 (4) 1/2

A current I flows along the length of an infinitely long, straight, thin walled pipe. Then
(1) the magnetic field is zero only on the axis of the pipe
(2) the magnetic field is different at different points inside the pipe
(3) the magnetic field at any point inside the pipe is zero
(4) the magnetic field at all points inside the pipe is the same, but not zero

In gamma ray emission from a nucleus
(1) both the neutron number and the proton number change
(2) there is no change in the proton number and the neutron number.
(3) only the neutron number changes
(4) only the proton number changes

The half-life period of a radio-active element X is same as the mean life time of another radioactive element Y. Initially they have the same number of atoms. Then
(1) X will decay faster than Y
(2) Y will decay faster than X
(3) X and Y have same decay rate initially
(4) X and Y decay at same rate always.

Carbon, silicon and germanium have four valence electrons each. At room temperature which one of the following statements is most appropriate?
(1) The number of free conduction electrons is significant in C but small in Si and Ge.
(2) The number of free conduction electrons is negligible small in all the three.
(3) The number of free electrons for conduction is significant in all the three.
(4) The number of free electrons for conduction is significant only in Si and Ge but small in C.

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AIEEE 2006 with Solutions

AIEEE 2006

The increasing order of the rate of HCN addition to compounds A – D is

(A) HCHO (B) CH3COCH3 (C) PhCOCH3 (D) PhCOPh

(1) A < B < C < D (2) D < B < C < A (3) D < C < B < A (4) C < D < B < A

A reaction was found to be second order with respect to the concentration of carbon monoxide. If the concentration of carbon monoxide is doubled, with everything else kept the same, the rate of reaction will

(1) remain unchanged (2) triple (3) increase by a factor of 4 (4) double

The term anomers of glucose refers to

(1) isomers of glucose that differ in configurations at carbons one and four (C-1 and C-4) (2) a mixture of (D)-glucose and (L)-glucose (3) enantiomers of glucose (4) isomers of glucose that differ in configuration at carbon one (C-1)

Phenyl magnesium bromide reacts with methanol to give

(1) a mixture of anisole and Mg(OH)Br (2) a mixture of benzene and Mg(OMe)Br (3) a mixture of toluene and Mg(OH)Br (4) a mixture of phenol and Mg(Me)Br

The pyrimidine bases present in DNA are

(1) cytosine and adenine (2) cytosine and guanine (3) cytosine and thymine (4) cytosine and uracil

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AIEEE 2005 Paper With Solution

AIEEE 2005

Sample Questions

Out of the following pairs, which one does not have identical dimensions ?

  1. Angular momentum and Planck’s constant
  2. Impulse and momentum
  3. Moment of inertia and moment of a force
  4. Work and torque

The relation between time t and distance x is t = ax2 + bx, where a and b are constants. The acceleration is :

(a) – 2abv2 (b) 2 bv3

(c) – 2av3 (d) 2av2

A parachutist after bailing out falls 50 m without friction. When parachute opens, it decelerates at 2m/s2. He reaches the ground with a speed of 3 m/s. At what height, did he bail out ?

(a) 91 m (b) 182 m

(c) 293 m (d) 111 m

F=-kx with k = 15N/m. What will be its initial acceleration, if it is released from a point 20 cm away from the origin ?

(a) 3 m/s2 (b) 15 m/s2

(c) 5 m/s2 (d) 10 m/s2

Average density of the earth :

  1. does not depend on g
  2. is a complex function of g
  3. is directly proportional to g
  4. is inversely proportional to g

A 20 cm long capillary tube is dipped in water. The water rises upto 8 cm. If the entire arrangement is put in a freely falling elevator, the length of water column in the capillary tube will be:

(a) 8 cm (b) 10 cm

(c) 4 cm (d) 20 cm

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AIEEE 2004 Paper With Solution

AIEEE 2004

Sample Questions

Consider the ground state of Cr atom (Z = 24). The number of electrons with the azimuthal quantum numbers I =1 and 2 are respectively

12 and 4 (2) 16 and 5

16 and 4 (4) 12 and 5

Ans. 12 and 5

Which one the following ions has the highest value of ionic radius?

Li+ (2) F

(3) O2- (4) B3+

Ans. O2-

The wavelength of the radiation emitted, when in hydrogen atom electron falls from infinity to stationary state 1, would be (Rydberg constant = 1.097×107 m-1)

(1) 91 nm (2) 9.1×10-8 nm

(3) 406 nm (4) 192 nm

Ans. 91 nm

The correct order of bond angles (smallest first) in H2S, NH3, BF3 and SiH4 is

(1) H2S < SiH4 < NH3 < BF3 (2) H2S < NH3 < BF3 < SiH4

(3) H2S < NH3 < SiH4 < BF3 (4) NH3 < H2S < SiH4 < BF3

Ans. H2S < NH3 < SiH4 < BF3

Which one the following sets of ions represents the collection of isoelectronic species?

(1) K+, Ca2+, Sc3+, Cl (2) Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cl

(3) K+, Cl, Mg2+, Sc3+ (4) Na+, Ca2+, Sc3+, Ans. K+, Ca2+, Sc3+, Cl

Among Al2O3, SiO2, P2O3 and SO2 the correct order of acid strength is

(1) SO2 < P2O3 < SiO2 < Al2O3 (2) Al2O3 < SiO2 < P2O3 < SO2

(3) Al2O3 < SiO2 < SO2 < P2O3 (4) SiO2 < SO2 < Al2O3 < P2O3

Ans. Al2O3 < SiO2 < P2O3 < SO2

The bond order in NO is 2.5 while that in NO+ is 3. Which of the following statements is true for these two species?

Bond length in NO+ is greater than in NO

Bond length is unpredictable

Bond length in NO+ in equal to that in NO

Bond length in NO is greater than in NO+

Ans. Bond length in NO is greater than in NO+

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AIEEE 2003 Paper With Solution

AIEEE 2003

Sample Questions

The magnetic lines of force inside a bar magnet

  • are from north-pole to south-pole of the magnet
  • do not exist
  • depend upon the area of cross-section of the bar magnet
  • are from south-pole to north-pole of the magnet

Curie temperature is the temperature above which

(a) ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic (b) a paramagnetic material becomes diamagnetic (c) a ferromagnetic material becomes diamagnetic (d) a paramagnetic material becomes ferromagnetic

A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of a lift. A man hangs his bag on the spring and the spring reads 49 N, when the lift is stationary. If the lift moves downward with an acceleration of 5m/s2, the reading of the spring balance will be

(a) 24 N                (b) 74 N                         (c) 15 N                         (d) 49 N

A strip of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. The resistance of

(a) each of these decreases                         (b) copper strip increases and that of germanium decreases

(c) copper strip decreases and that of germanium increases             (d) each of these increases

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AIEEE 2002 Paper With Solution

AIEEE 2002

Sample Questions

1. Which statement is incorrect ?
(a) all reversible cycles have same efficiency
(b) reversible cycle has more efficiency than an irreversible one
(c) Carnot cycle is a reversible one
(d) Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency in all cycles

2. Length of a string tied to two rigid supports is 40 cm. Maximum length (wave length in cm) of a stationary wave produced on it is
(a) 20 (b) 80 (c) 40 (d)120

3. The power factor of an AC circuit having resistance (R) and inductance (L) connected in series and an angular velocity w is
(a) R/wL (b) R/(R2 +w2L2)1/2 (c) wL/R (d) R/(R2 -w2L2)1/2

4. An astronomical telescope has a large aperture to
(a) reduce spherical aberration (b) have high resolution
(c) increase span of observation (d) have low dispersion

5. The kinetic energy needed to project a body of mass m from the earth surface (radius R) to infinity is
(a) mgR/2 (b) 2mgR (c) mgR (d) mgR/4

6. If an ammeter is to be used in place of a voltmeter, then we must connect with the ammeter a
(a) low resistance in parallel (b) high resistance in parallel
(c) high resistance in series (d) low resistance in series

7. If in a circular coil A of radius R, current I is flowing and in another coil B of radius 2R a current 2I is flowing, then the ratio of the magnetic fields BA and BB, produced by them will be
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 4

8. If two mirrors are kept at 600 to each other, then the number of images formed by them is
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8

9. A wire when connected to 220 V mains supply has power dissipation P1. Now the wire is cut into two equal pieces which are connected in parallel to the same supply. Power dissipation in this case is P2. Then P2 : P1 is
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3

10. If 13.6 eV energy is required to ionize the hydrogen atom, then the energy required to remove an electron from n = 2 is
(a) 10.2 eV (b) 0 eV (c) 3.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV

11. Tube A has both ends open while tube B has one end closed, otherwise they are identical. The ratio of fundamental frequency of tube A and B is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1

12. A tuning fork arrangement (pair) produces 4 beats / sec with one fork of frquency 288 cps. A little wax is placed on the unknown fork and it then produces 2 beats /sec. The frequency of the unknown fork is
(a) 286 cps (b) 292 cps (c) 294 cps (d) 288 cps

13. A wave y = a sin(wt – kx) on a string meets with another wave producing a node at x = 0. Then the equation of the unknown wave is
(a) y = asin(wt + kx) (b) y = -asin(wt + kx)
(c) y = asin(wt – kx) (d) y = -asin(wt – kx)

14.  On moving a charge of 20 coulombs by 2cm, 2 J of work is done, then the potential difference between the points is
(a) 0.1 V (b) 8 V (c) 2 V (d) 0.5 V

15. If an electron and a proton having same momenta enter perpendicular to a magnetic field, then
(a) curved path of electron and proton will be same (ignoring the sense of revolution)
(b) they will move undeflected
(c) curved path of electron is more curved than that of the proton
(d) path of proton is more curved

16. In a simple harmonic oscillator, at the mean position
(a) kinetic energy is minimum, potential energy is maximum
(b) both kinetic and potential energies are maximum
(c) kinetic energy is maximum, potential energy is minimum
(d) both kinetic and potential energies are minimum

17. Initial angular velocity of a circular disc of mass M is w1. Then two small spheres of mass m are attached gently to diametrically opposite points on the edge of the disc. What is the final angular velocity of the disc?
equation-aieee-2002

18. The minimum velocity (in ms-1) with which a car driver must traverse a flat curve of radius 150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid skidding is
(a) 60 (b) 30 (c) 15 (d) 25

19. A cylinder of height 20 m is completely filled with water. The velocity of efflux of water (in ms-1) through a small hole on the side wall of the cylinder near its bottom is
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 25.5 (d) 5

20. A spring of force constant 800 N/m has an extension of 5 cm. The work done is extending it from 5 cm to 15 cm is
(a) 16 J (b) 8 J (c) 32 J (d) 24 J

21. Two identical particles move towards each other with velocity 2v and v respectively. The velocity of centre of mass is
(a) v (b) v/3 (c) v/2 (d) zero

22. If a current is passed through a spring then the spring will
(a) expand (b) compress (c) remains same (d) none of these

23. Heat given to a body which raises its temperature by 10C is
(a) water equivalent (b) thermal capacity (c) specific heat (d) temperature gradient

24. At absolute zero, Si acts as
(a) non metal (b) metal (c) insulator (d) none of these

25.  Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature is evident by
(a) polarization (b) interference (c) reflection (d) diffraction

26. Wires 1 and 2 carrying currents i1 and i2 respectively are inclined at an angle 0 (theta) to each other. What is the force on a small element dI of wire 2 at a distance of r from wire 1 (as shown in the figure) due to the magnetic field j1 of wire 1?
diagram-aieee-2002
options-aieee-2002

27. At a specific instant emission of radioactive compound is deflected in a magnetic field. The compound can emit
(i) electrons (ii) protons (iii) He2+ (iv) neutrons
The emission at instant can be
(a) i, ii, iii (b) i, ii, iii, iv (c) iv (d) ii, iii

28. Sodium and copper have work functions 2.3 eV and 4.5 eV respectively. Then the ratio of the wave lengths is nearest to
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4

29.  Formation of covalent bonds in compounds exhibits
(a) wave nature of electron (b) particle nature of electron (c) both wave and particle nature of electron (d) none of these

30. A conducting square loop of side L and resistance R moves in its plane with a uniform velocity v perpendicular to one of its sides. A magnetic induction B constant in time and space, pointing perpendicular and into the plane at the loop exists everywhere with half the loop outside the field, as shown in figure. The induced emf is
diagram2-aieee-2002
(a) zero (b) RvB (c) VBL/R (d) VBL

31. Infra red radiation is detected by
(a) spectrometer (b) pyrometer (c) nanometer (d) photometer

32. If N0 is the original mass of the substance of half- life period t1/2 = 5 years, then the amount of substance left after 15 years is
(a) N0/8 (b) N0/16 (c) N0/2 (d)N0/4

33. By increasing the temperature, the specific resistance of a conductor and a semiconductor
(a) increases for both (b) decreases for both  (c) increases, decreases (d) decreases, increases

34. If there are n capacitors in parallel connected to V volt source, then the energy stored is equal to
options2-aieee-2002

35. Which of the following is more closed to a black body?
(a) black board paint (b) green leaves (c) black holes (d) red roses

36. The inductance between A and D is
diagram3-aieee-2002
(a) 3.66 H (b) 9 H (c) 0.66 H (d) 1 H

37. A ball whose kinetic energy is E, is projected at an angle of 450 to the horizontal. The kinetic energy of the ball at the highest point of its flight will be
(a) E (b) E/21/2 (c) E/2 (d) zero

38. From a building two balls A and B are thrown such that A is thrown upwards A and B downwards (both vertically). If vA and vB are their respective velocities on reaching the ground, then
(a) vB >vA (b) vB =v(c) vB <vA (d) their velocities depend on their masses

39. If a body looses half of its velocity on penetrating 3 cm in a wooden block, then how much will it penetrate more before coming to rest?
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 3 cm (d) 4 cm

40. If suddenly the gravitational force of attraction between Earth and a satellite revolving around it becomes zero, then the satellite will
(a) continue to move in its orbit with same velocity
(b) move tangentially to the originally orbit in the same velocity
(c) become stationary in its orbit
(d) move towards the earth.

41. Cooking gas containers are kept in a lorry moving with uniform speed. The temperature of the gas molecules inside will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain same (d) decrease for some, while increase for others

42. When temperature increases, the frequency of a tuning fork
(a) increases (b) decrease (c) remains same (d) increases or decreases depending on the material

43. If mass-energy equivalence is taken into account, when water is cooled to form ice, the mass of water should
(a) increase (b) remain unchanged (c) decrease (d) first increase then decrease

44. The energy band gap is maximum in
(a) metals (b) superconductors (c) insulators (d) semiconductors

45. The part of a transistor which is most heavily doped to produce large number of majority carriers is
(a) emmiter (b) base  (c) collector (d) can be any of the above three

46. Energy required to move a body of mass m from an orbit of radius 2R to 3R is
(a) GMm/12R2 (b) GMm/3R2 (c) GMm/8R (d) GMm/6R

47. If a spring has time period T, and is cut into n equal parts, then the time period of each part will be
(a) T/n1/2 (b) T/n1/2 (c) nT (d) T

48. A charged particle q is placed at the centre O of cube of length L (A B C D E F G H). Another same charge q is placed at a distance L from O. Then the electric flux through ABCD is
diagram4-aieee-2002
options3-aieee-2002

49. If in the circuit, power dissipation is 150 W, then R is
diagram5-aieee-2002
(a) 2 W (b) 6 W (c) 5 W (d) 4 W

50. Wavelength of light used in an optical instrument are Lambda1 = 4000A and Lambda2 = 5000A, then  ratio of their respective resolving powers (corresponding to Lambda1 and Lambda2) is
(a) 16 : 25 (b) 9 : 1 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 4

51. A child swinging on a swing in sitting position, stands up, then the time period of the swing will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) remains same (d) increases if the child is tall and decreases if the child is short

52. A lift is moving down with acceleration a. A man in the lift drops a ball inside the lift. The acceleration of the ball as observed by the man in the lift and a man standing stationary on the ground are respectively
(a) g, g (b) g – a, g – a (c) g – a, g (d) a, g

53. The mass of product liberated on anode in an electrochemical cell depends on
(a) (It)1/2 (b) IT (c) I/t (d) I2t
(where t is the time period, for which the current is passed)

54. At what temperature is the r.m.s. velocity of a hydrogen molecule equal to that of an oxygen molecule at 470 C?
(a) 80 K (b) – 73 K (c) 3 K (d) 20 K

55. The time period of a charged particle undergoing a circular motion in a uniform magnetic field is independent of its
(a) speed (b) mass (c) charge (d) magnetic induction

56. A solid sphere, a hallow sphere and a ring are released from top of an inclined plane (frictionless) so that they slide down the plane. Then maximum acceleration down the plane is for (no rolling)
(a) solid sphere (b) hollow sphere (c) ring (d) all same

57. In a transformer , number of turns in the primary coil are 140 and that in the secondary coil are  280. If current in primary coil is 4A, then that in the secondary coil is
(a) 4 A (b) 2 A (c) 6 A (d) 10 A

58. Even Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency because we cannot
(a) prevent radiation (b) find ideal sources (c) reach absolute zero temperature (d) eliminate friction

59. Moment of inertia of a circular wire of mass M and radius R about its diameter is
(a) MR2/2 (b) MR(c) 2MR2 (d) MR2/4

60. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle of mass m such that F2 and F3 are mutually perpendicular, then the particle remains stationary. If the force F1 is now removed then the acceleration of the particle is
(a) F1/m (b) F2F3/mF1 (c) (F2 – F3)/m (d) F2/m

61. Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes is 18 N and their resultant is 12 N which is perpendicular to the smaller force. Then the magnitudes of the forces are
(a) 12 N, 6 N (b) 13 N, 5 N (c) 10 N, 8 N (d) 16 N, 2 N

62. Speeds of two identical cars are u and 4u at the specific instant. The ratio of the respective distances in which the two cars are stopped from that instant is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 8 (d) 1 : 16

63.  1 mole of a gas with γ = 7/5 is mixed with 1 mole of a gas with γ = 5/3, then the value of γ for the resulting mixture is
(a) 7/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 24/16 (d) 12/7

64. If a charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two equal charges Q such that the system is in equilibrium then the value of q is
(a) Q/2 (b) -Q/2 (c) Q/4 (d) -Q/4

65. Capacitance (in F) of a spherical conductor with radius 1 m is
(a) 1.1 x 10-10 (b) 10-6 (c) 9 x 10-9 (d) 10-3

66. A light string passing over a smooth light pulley connects two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (vertically). If the acceleration of the system is g/8, then the ratio of the masses is
(a) 8 : 1 (b) 9 : 7 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 3

67. Two spheres of the same material have radii 1 m and 4m and temperatures 4000 K and 2000 K respectively. The ratio of the energy radiated per second by the first sphere to that by the second is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 16 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 9

68. Three identical blocks of masses m = 2kg are drawn by a force F = 10.2 N with an acceleration of 0.6 ms-2 on a frictions surface, then what is the tension (in N) in the string between the blocks B and C ?
diagram6-aieee-2002
(a) 9.2 (b) 7.8 (c) 4 (d) 9.8

69. One end of a massless rope, which passes over a massless and frictionless pulley P is tied to a hook C while the other end is free. Maximum tension that the rope can bear is 360 N. With what value of maximum safe acceleration (in ms-2) can a man of 60 kg climb on the rope?
diagram7-aieee-2002
(a) 16 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8

70. A particle of mass m moves along line PC with velocity v as shown.
What is the angular momentum of the particle about P?
(a) mvL (b) mvl (c)  mvr (d) zero

71. Which of the following is used in optical fibres ?
(a) total internal reflection (b) scattering (c) diffraction  (d) refraction

72. The escape velocity of a body depends upon mass as
(a) m0 (b) m1 (c) m2 (d)m3

73. Which of the following are not electromagnetic waves?
(a) cosmic rays (b) gamma rays (c) beta- rays (d) X-Rays

74. Identify the pair whose dimensions are equal
(a) torque and work (b) stress and energy (c) force and stress (d) force and work

75. If θi is the inversion temperature , θn is the neutral temperature, θc is the temperature of the cold junction, then
(a) θicn (b) θic =2θn (c) θic =2θn (d) θc – θi=2θn

76. When H2S is passed through Hg2S we get
(a) HgS (b) HgS + Hg2S (c) Hg2S (d) Hg2S2

77. Alum helps in purifying water by
(a) forming Si complex with clay particles
(b) sulphate part which combines with the dirt and removes it
(c) coagulating the mud particles
(d) making mud water soluble

78. A square planar complex is formed by hybridisation of which atomic orbitals ?
(a) s, px,py,dyz (b) s, px,py,dx2y2  (c) s, px,py,dz2 (d)s, px,py,dxy

79. Polymer formation from monomers starts by
(a) condensation reaction between monomers
(b) coordinate reaction between monomers
(c) conversion of monomer to monomer ions by protons
(d) hydrolysis of monomers

80. The type of isomerism present in nitropentamine chromium (III) chloride is
(a) optical (b) linkage (c) ionization (d) polymerisation

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Agency – Law of Contracts II – Notes

  • A person is an agent only when he acts as a representative of the other in business negotiations, that is to say, in the creation, modification or termination of contractual obligations between that and other person. – Krishna v. Ganpathi
  • Parties have called their relationship as an agency is not conclusive enough to say it’s an agency and contradicting fact may prove otherwise.
  • A contract of minor by his agent is valid if minor himself is bound by contract.
  • Minor can become an agent but will not be liable to the principal.
  • Banker asked to keep goods and give to customer on payment. Held banker is a bailee and not an agent.
  • Factor – Agent entrusted with goods for purpose of selling them.
  • Broker – Agent appointed to negotiate and make contract to sale or purchase of goods on behalf of his principal.
  • Del Credere Agent – Agent undertaking on payment of extra commission to be liable to principal for failure of third party to perform contract. Not liable to buyer for default of principal. Not liable for dispute between buyer and principal relating to contract or sum due.
  • If a person authorises another to assume the apparent right of disposing of trade in the ordinary course of trade, it must be presumed that the apparent authority is the real authority. The agent may bind the principal within the limits of authority with which he has been clothed by the principal.
  • Wife is an agent of husband if she is buying things of necessity, and has a domestic establishment with husband.
  • Agencies of necessity – Such as selling of goods by carrier if perishable and delivery delayed due to some reason is valid.
  • A pre-existing agency is necessary to invoke agency of necessity. So finder of goods if spend money on property of other then it’s not agency.
  • Condition for invoking agency of necessity:-
    • Inability to communicate with principal
    • Act should be reasonable necessary
    • Bona fide in the interest of party concerned
  • Duties of Agent:-
    • Duty to Execute Mandate – E.g. Agent is asked to insure goods and he charges the premium but doesn’t insure the good then agent will be liable for any subsequent loss.
    • Duty to Follow Instructions or Customs – Agent instructed to store goods at a warehouse, agent stored goods at another equally safer warehouse. Agent held liable. Liley v. Doubleday
    • Duty of reasonable care and skill – Agent liable only for direct consequences of his act.
    • Duty to communicate with principal
    • Duty to avoid conflict of interest – If agent acts without principal’s consent or may conceal fact from principal or act in a manner disadvantageous to principal, then the principal may repudiate the transaction.
    • Principal has right to benefit gained by agent dealing on his own account in business of agency.
    • Duty not to make secret profit – If an agent sells his own stock to the principal without telling the same to the principal then he must hand over the commission even if he had sold the stock at prevailing market price.
    • Duty to remit sums
    • Duty to maintain accounts
    • Duty not to delegate – Permissible in following:-
      • Nature of Work – Agent employ auctioneer
      • Trade Custom – Architect appointing surveyor
      • Ministerial Action – Authority to sign
      • Principal’s contest
  • Sub agent if properly appointed as if principal’s agent only.
  • §192 – Sub agent is responsible to agent but not to principal except in case of fraud or wilful wrong.
  • Remedies of principal against agent:-
    • To ask for an account and also demand payment of secret & illicit profits
    • To seek damages for disregard of terms of agency as also want of care & skill
    • To resist the claims of the agent for commission and indemnity by the plea that the agent had acted for himself i.e. as a principal
  • Rights of agent against principal:-
    • Right to remuneration – Agent held auction, person takes information and directly approaches principal to buy house. Held agent entitled to commission. – Green v. Bartlett
    • Right to lien – Property held by agent for special purpose cannot be liened.
    • Right to indemnity – Agent be indemnified in all lawful contract even in wagering transaction where contract is void but not unlawful.
    • Right to compensation
  • Agent if having authority act even with improper motives can bind principal.
  • An agent placed in a certain position say manager has implied authority to do all the acts a person in that position ordinarily does.
  • §188 – An agent has authority to do necessary act like agent asked to sell manure without warranty sold manure without warranty and this warranty was usual in such transactions so agent was held not liable. – Dingle v. Hare
  • Apparent authority is real authority.
  • Possession of agent is possession of principal for all purposes.
  • If employer collect premium from wages and doesn’t pay, employer is an agent of insurance company and insurance company is bound to pay.
  • Principal liable for unauthorised act of agent falling under apparent authority.
  • So knowledge gained by the agent in course of business is considered to be with the principal.
  • In cases of fraud and misrepresentation exaggerated statements by agent are acceptable as long as they weren’t sanctioned by principal.
  • Principal whose name & existence is not made by the agent could only intervene subject to certain qualifications.
  • In case of undisclosed principal, principal would be bound by the terms between agent and other party.
  • Third party could repudiate a contract in case of undisclosed principal if third party shows that had him/her known who the principal he/she wouldn’t have contracted.
  • Principal is also liable to third party and if agent goes bankrupt principal needs to pay.
  • Agent not liable for principal’s contract even if getting commission.
  • If agent excludes personal liability from contract with foreign then agent’s liability is dissolved.
  • To make agent liable it is essential to show that principal cannot be sued.
  • Either agent or principal or both could be sued when agent is personally liable.
  • Agent gives warranty and not guarantees that if contract within his authority then principal would not breach contract.
  • For ratification:-
    • On Behalf of Another – If agent doesn’t mention of agency no ratification can take place.
    • Competence of Principal –
  • Only lawful acts could be ratified.
  • Doctrine Relation Back – Offer made to unauthorised agent later ratified then if party revoke offer also prior to ratification then also offer doesn’t get revoked.
  • If agent’s interest is merely incidental to arrangement say commission or pay out of rent then that could be revoked.
  • Agency gets over after sale is completed but some courts have held that it extend till proceeds of sale are being paid.

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